Brain Facts
A PRIMER ON THE BR AIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE SOCIET Y FOR NEUROSCIENCE
THE SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE
The Society for Neuroscience is the world’s largest organization of scientists
and physicians dedicated to understanding the brain, spinal cord
and peripheral nervous system.
Neuroscientists investigate the molecular and cellular levels of the
nervous system; the neuronal systems responsible for sensory and
motor function; and the basis of higher order processes, such as cognition
and emotion. This research provides the basis for understanding
the medical fields that are concerned with treating nervous system
disorders. These medical specialties include neurology, neurosurgery,
psychiatry and ophthalmology.
Founded in 1970, the Society has grown from 500 charter members
to more than 29,000 members. Regular members are residents of Canada,
Mexico and the United States—where more than 100 chapters organize
local activities. The Society’s membership also includes many scientists
from throughout the world, particularly Europe and Asia.
The purposes of the Society are to:
∫ Advance the understanding of the nervous system by bringing together
scientists from various backgrounds and by encouraging research in all
aspects of neuroscience.
∫ Promote education in the neurosciences.
∫ Inform the public about the results and implications of new research.
The exchange of scientific information occurs at an annual fall
meeting that presents more than 14,000 reports of new scientific
findings and includes more than 25,000 participants. This meeting, the
largest of its kind in the world, is the arena for the presentation of new
results in neuroscience.
The Society’s bimonthly journal, The Journal of Neuroscience, contains
articles spanning the entire range of neuroscience research and
has subscribers worldwide. A series of courses, workshops and symposia
held at the annual meeting promote the education of Society
members. The Neuroscience Newsletter informs members about Society
activities.
A major mission of the Society is to inform the public about the
progress and benefits of neuroscience research. The Society provides
information about neuroscience to school teachers and encourages its
members to speak to young people about the human brain and nervous
system.
Brain Facts Contants
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
THE NEURON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Neurotransmitters ∫ Second Messengers
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Birth of Neurons and Brain Wiring ∫ Paring Back ∫ Critical Periods
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Vision ∫ Hearing ∫ Taste and Smell ∫ Touch and Pain
LEARNING AND MEMORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
MOVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
SLEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
The StuΣ of Sleep ∫ Sleep Disorders ∫ How is Sleep Regulated?
STRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Immediate Response ∫ Chronic Stress
AGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Aging Neurons ∫ Intellectual Capacity
ADVANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Parkinson’s Disease ∫ Pain ∫ Epilepsy ∫ Major Depression
Manic-Depressive Illness
CHALLENGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Addiction ∫ Alzheimer’s Disease ∫ Learning Disorders
Stroke ∫ Neurological Trauma ∫ Anxiety Disorders
Schizophrenia ∫ Neurological AIDS ∫ Multiple Sclerosis
Down Syndrome ∫ Huntington’s Disease ∫ Tourette Syndrome
Brain Tumors ∫ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
NEW DIAGNOSTIC METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Imaging Techniques ∫ Gene Diagnosis
POTENTIAL THERAPIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
New Drugs ∫ Trophic Factors ∫ Cell and Gene Therapy
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
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