Preface
This report is an accounting of the AMo 2010 study undertaken by the
National Research council (NRc) of the National Academies to assess opportunities
in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMo) science and technology over roughly
the next decade. the charge for this study was devised by a Board on Physics and
Astronomy standing committee, the committee on Atomic, Molecular, and optical
Sciences, in consultation with the study’s sponsors, the Department of energy and
the National Science Foundation. the committee on AMo 2010, which carried out
the study, was asked to assess the state of the ield of AMo science, emphasizing
recent accomplishments and identifying new and compelling scientiic questions.
the report is a part of the ongoing Physics 2010 decadal survey that is being undertaken
by the National Academy’s Board on Physics and Astronomy.
the committee that carried out this study and wrote this report is composed
of leaders from many different subields within the AMo physics community, as
well as prominent scientists from outside the ield. the committee also received
valuable advice from consultants Neal Lane, Rice University, and Neil calder, Stanford
Linear Accelerator center. in addition, the committee received valuable input
from the following colleagues: Laura P. Bautz, Nora Berrah, Joshua Bienfang, John
Bollinger, Gavin Brennen, Denise caldwell, John cary, Michael casassa, Henry
chapman, Michael chapman, charles clark, Paul corkum, Philippe crane, Roman
czujko, Joseph Dehmer, Brian DeMarco, David DeMille, todd Ditmire, John
Doyle, Henry everitt, Aimee Gibbons, Janos Hajdu, Hashima Hassan, Robert R.
Jones, chan Joshi, William Kruer, Wim Leemans, Anthony Leggett, Steve Leone,
Heather Lewandowski, Jay Lowell, Lute Maleki, Anne Matsuura, Harold Metcalf,
Roberta Morris, Gerard Mourou, William ott, Peter Reynolds, eric Rohling, Steve
Rolston, Michael Salamon, Howard Schlossberg, Barry Schneider, David Schultz,
thomas Stoehlker, David Villeneuve, carl Williams, and Jun Ye.
Signiicant effort has been made to solicit community input for this study. this
was done via town meetings held at the Annual Meeting of the Division of AMo
Physics of the American Physical Society (APS) in Lincoln, Nebraska, in May 2005
and the international Quantum electronics conference (jointly sponsored by the
APS Division of Laser Science, the optical Society of America, and the Lasers and
electro-optics Society of the institute of electrical and electronics engineers) in
May 2005 in Baltimore, Maryland. the committee also solicited input from the
community through a public Web site. the comments supplied by the AMo community
through this site and at the town meetings were extremely valuable primary
input to the committee.
the federal agencies that fund AMo research in the United States were also
solicited for input, through their direct testimony at open meetings and their written
responses to requests for information on funding patterns and other statistical
data. these data are summarized in chapter 8 and in the appendixes to the report.
Finally, the committee is grateful to the staff at the White House ofice of Science
and technology Policy and the ofice of Management and Budget, as well as staff
from committees of the congress concerned with funding legislation, who provided
important background on connections between AMo science and national
science policy.
in November 2005, the NRc released a short interim report from the AMo
2010 committee, which was intended as a preview of this inal document. it summarized
the key opportunities in forefront AMo science and in closely related
critical technologies, and it discussed some of the broad-scale conclusions of the
inal report. it also identiied how AMo science supports national R&D priorities.
the present report reinforces the preliminary conclusions of the interim report
and adds a wealth of detail as well as recommendations.
this report relects the committee’s enthusiasm, inspired by the tremendous
excitement within the AMo science community about future R&D opportunities.
it would not have been written without the extensive and unselish work of
the entire committee, its many consultants, and the NRc staff. We thank them all
for their efforts. We particularly wish to thank Michael Moloney for his expertise
and dedication and Don Shapero for his experience and wisdom in assisting us to
produce this report.
Philip Bucksbaum Robert eisenstein
Co-chair Co-chair
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
this report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved
by the National Research council’s Report Review committee. the purpose
of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will
assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to
ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and
responsiveness to the study charge. the review comments and draft manuscript
remain conidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to
thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Keith Burnett, University of oxford,
Alexander Dalgarno, Harvard-Smithsonian center for Astrophysics,
David P. DeMille, Yale University,
chris H. Greene, University of colorado,
William Happer, Princeton University,
Wendell t. Hill iii, University of Maryland,
tin-Lun Ho, ohio State University,
Gerard J. Milburn, University of Queensland,
Richart e. Slusher, Lucent technologies, and
David J. Wineland, National institute of Standards and technology.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments
mendations, nor did they see the inal draft of the report before its release. the
and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recom
review of this report was overseen by Daniel Kleppner, Massachusetts institute of
technology. Appointed by the National Research council, he was responsible for
making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in
accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully
considered. Responsibility for the inal content of this report rests entirely
with the authoring committee and the institution.
Contents
1 coNtRoLLiNG tHe QUANtUM WoRLD: AMo ScieNce 9
iN tHe coMiNG DecADe
What is the Nature of Physical Law?, 10
What Happens at the Lowest temperatures in the Universe?, 14
What Happens at the Highest temperatures in the Universe?, 16
can We control the inner Workings of a Molecule?, 18
How Will We control and exploit the Nanoworld?, 21
What Lies Beyond Moore’s Law?, 22
AMo Science and National Policies: conclusions and
Recommendations, 25
2 AMo ScieNce AND tHe BASic LAWS oF NAtURe 30
Spin Science, 30
Magnetometry and Medical imaging, 33
Spin and Basic Forces, 36
energy Levels, time, and Atomic clocks, 38
New clock technologies and GPS, 41
Are the constants of Nature changing?, 42
Measuring Distance and Motion Using interferometers, 43
optical Sensors for Navigation, 43
Direct Detection of Gravitational Waves, 44
Matter-Wave interferometry (de Broglie Wave interference), 46
Fine Structure constant, 47
AMo Physics in the Study of the Distant Universe, 47
AMo theory and computation connections to Astrophysics and
elementary Particle Physics, 52
3 toWARD ABSoLUte ZeRo 53
the Promise of Ultracold Science, 53
condensed Matter Physics in Dilute Atomic Systems, 56
tuning the interactions Between Atoms, 57
optical Lattices, 58
Vortices, 61
Molecules and chemistry, 61
Atom optics, 64
Nonlinear Atom optics, 66
integrated Atom optics, 68
Quantum Atom optics, 68
Reaching out: Plasmas, Nuclear Physics, and More, 69
cold Plasmas, 69
the Synergy Between experiment and theory, 72
4 eXtReMe LiGHt 73
extreme X-Ray Laser Light, 73
tabletop Sources of X Rays, 75
extreme X-Ray Light Sources and the World’s First X-Ray Laser
Facility, 80
AMo contributions to Single-Molecule imaging, 82
teSLA test Facility early Results, 84
inner Shell Atomic Multiple ionization, 84
X-Ray Nonlinear optics, 86
Summary of extreme X-Ray Light Sources, 87
Ultraintense Lasers: Using extreme Light Sources to Harness
extreme States of Matter, 87
NiF and other Large Facilities, 89
High energy Density Science: Laboratory for extreme conditions
in the Matter-Filled Universe, 90
Accelerating Particles with Light, 93
High energy Density Science and XFeLs, 95
the Fastest Pulse: complementarity Between extreme Light and
extreme Particle Beam collisions, 95
5 eXPLoRiNG AND coNtRoLLiNG tHe iNNeR WoRKiNGS 98
oF A MoLecULe
Which timescales Are important?, 98
Molecular Movies, 100
theoretical computation of Ultrafast Molecular Physics, 103
Quantum control, 103
controlling chemical Reactions: A Short History, 104
Quantum interference: A Route to Quantum control, 104
How Do We Shape an Ultrafast Laser Pulse?, 105
Aligning Molecules, 107
Looking to the Future: can We See an electron’s Motion?, 109
Slowing Down the electrons: Rydberg electrons, 109
Speeding Up the Pulse: Attosecond Science, 109
Making Attosecond Pulses, 110
Using Attosecond Pulses, 110
Hard Photons and Fast electrons, 111
in Real Life, timescales overlap, 111
controlling the Ultimate in timescales, 114
Probing time-Dependent Molecular Structure with electrons, 115
An in Situ Approach to Ultrafast electron Scattering, 117
the Future, 118
6 PHotoNicS AND tHe NANoWoRLD 120
opportunities in Size-Dependent Design, 121
Visualizing the Nanoworld, 123
Reducing the Wavelength, 123
Scanning Probe Microscopes, 124
Using New Materials to Build a Better Microscope, 126
constructing the Nanoworld, 127
From the top Down, 127
From the Bottom Up, 130
extending the Promise of the Nanoworld, 131
controlling Light with Photonic crystals, 131
Atomtronics, 133
Nanotubes in televisions, 134
Nanotechnology in Medicine, 134
Nano-sized Sensors and Lighting, 136
7 QUANtUM iNFoRMAtioN WitH LiGHt AND AtoMS 137
the Quantum information Revolution, 137
What is information?, 139
Why Quantum information?, 139
Quantum information at the Frontiers of Science, 142
Quantum information technology, 145
Quantum communication, 148
Quantum cryptography: A Real-World Application, 148
Quantum teleportation Demystiied, 150
Vision for Large-Scale Quantum Hardware, 152
trapped Atomic ions, 153
optical Lattices, 154
Solid-State Quantum Bits, 155
Photonic Qubits, 155
Qubit converters Between Atoms and Photons, 157
What Would We Want to compute with a Quantum Processor?, 161
Using a Quantum Processor to Predict the Behavior of complex
Quantum Systems, 167
Looking Forward, 169
8 ReALiZiNG tHe FUtURe 170
the current Status of AMo Physics Program Support, 171
Maintaining U.S. Leadership in a critical Area of Science and
technology, 175
Planning for Future U.S. Leadership in AMo Science, 179
intellectual outlines of Research currently Supported, 180
information About Funding, 182
information About People, 184
information About New Modalities, 185
Foreign competition, 187
Logistical issues in the United States, 188
Program conclusions on Support for AMo Science, 190
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