MISQUOTING JESUS The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why By BART D. EHRMAN free download

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Photography and Illustration Credits

Introduction—The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York; M. 777, f.3v, f. 24V, f. 37V,

and f. 58 v

Chapter 1—Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence, Italy; Photo: Scala/Art Resource, NY

Chapter 2—Courtesy of Bart Ehrman Chapter 3—Victoria & Albert Museum,

London; Photo: Victoria & Albert Museum,

London/Art Resource, NY

Chapter 4—British Library, London; Photo: HIP/Art Resource, NY Chapter 5—

From the Winchester Psalter, British Library, London; Photo: HIP/

Art Resource, NY Chapter 6—Golden Gospels of Henry VIII, Germany, Abbey of

St. Maximin, Trier.

The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York; Photo: The Pierpont Morgan Library/

Art Resource, NY Chapter 7—The Pierpont Morgan Library; Photo: The

Pierpont Morgan Library/

Art Resource, NY Chapter 8—British Library; Cott. Nero.D.I.V. Folio

No:211; Photo: HIP/Art

Resource, NY

MISQUOTING JESUS: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. Copyright ©

2005 by Bart D. Ehrman. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without

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F I R S T E D I T I O N

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication

Data is available.

ISBN13:

9780060738174

ISBN10:

OO6O73817O

06 07 08 09 RRD(H) 20 19 l8 17 l6 15 14

Contents

Acknowledgments

ix

INTRODUCTION

1

I

THE BEGINNINGS OF CHRISTIAN SCRIPTURE

17

2

THE COPYISTS OF THE EARLY

C H R I S T I A N WRITINGS

45

3

TEXTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT

Editions, Manuscripts, and Differences

71

4

T HE QUE ST FOR O R I G I N S

Methods and Discoveries

101

5

ORIGINALS THAT MATTER

127

6

THEOLOGICALLY MOTIVATED ALTERATIONS

OF THE TEXT

151

7

THE SOCIAL WORLDS OF THE TEXT

177

CONCLUSION:

CHANGING SCRIPTURE

Scribes, Authors, and Readers

207

Notes

219

Index

229

Acknowledgments

I owe a debt of gratitude to four keen and careful scholars who have

read my manuscript and suggested (occasionally urged and pleaded

for) changes: Kim HainesEitzen

of Cornell University; Michael W.

Holmes of Bethel College in Minnesota; Jeffrey Siker of Loyola Marymount

University; and my wife, Sarah Beckwith, a medieval scholar

at Duke University. The scholarly world would be a happier place if

all authors had readers such as these.

Thanks are also due to the editors at Harper San Francisco: John

Loudon, for encouraging the project and signing it up; Mickey Maudlin,

for bringing it home to completion; and above all Roger Freet, for a

careful reading of the text and helpful comments.

Translations of biblical texts, unless otherwise indicated, are my own.

I have dedicated this book to my mentor and "DoctorFather,"

Bruce M. Metzger, who taught me the field and continues to inspire

me in my work.