Contents
PART A PRINCIPLES 1
A Principles 3
Richard Shoemaker
Al Basic laser principles 5
Christopher C Davis
A2.1 Free-space laser resonators 81
Robert CEckardt
A2.2 Waveguide laser resonators 115
Chris Hill
A3 Laser beam control 135
Jacky Byatt
A4 Nonlinear optics 161
Robert W Boyd
A5 Interference and polarization 185
Alan Rogers
A6 Optical waveguide theory 223
G Stewart
A7 Optical detection and noise 251
Gerald Buller and Jason Smith
A8 Introduction to numerical analysis for laser systems 281
George Lawrence
VOLUME II: LASER DESIGN AND LASER SYSTEMS
PART B LASER DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES 303
Bl Solid state lasers 305
R C Powell
Transition metal ion lasers—Cr3+
Georges Boulon
Transition metal ion lasers other than Cr3+
Stephen A Payne
Rare earth ion lasers—Nd3+
A I Zagumennyi, V A Mikhailov and IA Shcherbakov
Lanthanide series lasers—near infrared
Norman P Barnes
Rare-earth ions—miscellaneous: Ce3+, U3+, divalent, etc
Gregory J Quarles
Lasers based on nonlinear effects
Fabienne Pelle
Solid state Raman lasers
Tasoltan T Basiev and Richard C Powell
Colour centre lasers
T T Basiev, P G Zverev and S B Mirov
Laser diodes
Ian White
Basic principles of laser diodes
NKDutta
Spectral control in laser diodes
Markus-Christian Amann
High-speed laser diodes
Peter P VasiVev
High-power laser diodes and laser diode arrays
Peter linger
Visible laser diodes: properties of III-V red-emitting laser diodes
Peter Blood
Visible laser diodes: properties of blue laser diodes
Robert Martin
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
BMA Rahman andKTVGrattan
Long wavelength laser diodes
S Anders, G Strasser and E Gornik
Semiconductor lasers and optical amplifiers for switching
and signal processing
Hitoshi Kawaguchi
Gas lasers
Julian Jones
Carbon dioxide lasers
Denis R Hall
Excimer, F2, N2 and H2 lasers
W J Witteman
Copper and gold vapour lasers
Colin Webb
Chemical lasers: COIL
B D Barmashenko and S Rosenwaks
B3.4.2 Chemical lasers: HF/DF 881
Lee H Sentman
B3.5 Argon and krypton ion lasers 893
Malcolm H Dunn and Tony Gutierrez
B3.6 Helium-neon lasers 909
Alan D White and Lisa Tsufura
B3.7 Helium-cadmium laser 921
William T Silfvast
B3.8 Optically pumped mid IR lasers: NH3, C2H2 929
Mary S Tobin
B3.9 Far-IR lasers: HCN, H2O 951
Wilhelm Prettl
B4 Fibre and waveguide lasers 961
R C Powell
B4.1 Fibre lasers 963
David Hanna
BA2 High power fiber lasers 977
Andreas Tunnermann and Holger Zellmer
B4.3 Cascaded Raman fibre lasers 989
Clifford Headley
B4.4 Soliton lasers 1007
JR Taylor
B4.5 Erbium and other doped fibre amplifiers 1025
Kevin Cordina
B4.6 High-power waveguide lasers 1045
D P Shepherd
B5 Other lasers 1063
Colin Webb
B5.1 Free electron lasers and synchrotron light sources 1065
PGO 'Shea and J B Murphy
B5.2 X-ray lasers 1087
Jorge J Rocca
B5.3 Liquid lasers 1115
David H Titterton
B5.4 Solid-state dye lasers 1143
David H Titterton
PART C LASER SYSTEM DESIGN 1163
C1 Optical components 1165
Julian Jones
C1.1 Optical components 1167
Leo H J F Beckmann
C1.2 Optical control elements 1183
Alan Greenaway
Cl .3 Adaptive optics and phase conjugate reflectors 1193
Michael J Damzen and Carl Paterson
C1.4 Opto-mechanical parts 1203
Frank Luecke
C 1.5.1 Power conditioning: supplies for driving semiconductor laser diodes 1211
Ralph Savioli
C 1.5.2 Power conditioning: supplies for driving gas discharges
(gas and solid state lasers) 1217
/ Smilanski
Cl.5.3 Power conditioning: supplies for driving flash tubes and arclamps
for solid state lasers 1237
Mark Greenwood and D W Miller
C2 Optical pulse generation 1247
Clive Ireland
C2.1 Quasi-cw and modulated beams 1249
K Washio
C2.2 Short pulses 1257
Andreas Ostendorf
C2.3 Ultrashort pulses 1273
Derryck T Reid
C3 Frequency conversion and filtering 1313
Terence A King
C3.1 Harmonic generation—materials and methods 1315
David J Binks
C3.2 Optical parametric devices 1347
M Ebrahimzadeh
C3.3 Laser stabilization for precision measurements 1393
G P Barwood and P Gill
C4 Beam delivery 1415
Julian Jones
C4.1 Basic principles 1417
D P Hand
C4.2 Free-space optics 1425
Leo H J F Beckmann
C4.3 Fibre optic beam delivery 1461
D P Hand
C4.4 Positioning and scanning systems 1475
Jurgen Koch
C5 Laser beam measurement 1499
Julian Jones
C5.1 Beam propagation 1501
B A Ward
C5.2 Detectors 1509
Kenny Weir
C5.3 Laser energy and power measurement 1523
Robert K Tyson
C5.4 Irradiance and phase distribution measurement 1527
B Schdfer
C6 Laser safety 1535
Colin Webb
VOLUME III: APPLICATIONS
PART D APPLICATIONS: CASE STUDIES 1557
Dl Materials processing 1559
Clive Ireland
Dl.l Welding 1561
H Hiigel and C Schinzel
D1.2 Cutting 1587
John Powell and Claes Magnusson
D1.3 Laser marking 1613
Terry J McKee
D1.4 Drilling 1633
S Williams
D1.5 Photolithography 1653
Shinji Okazaki
D1.6 Laser micromachining 1661
Malcolm Gower
D1.7 Rapid manufacturing 1693
Gary K Lewis
D1.8 Pulsed laser deposition of thin films 1705
Ian Boyd and D B Chrisey
D2 Optical measurement techniques 1721
Julian Jones
D2.1 Fundamental length metrology 1723
/ Flugge, F Riehle and H Kunzmann
D2.2 Laser velocimetry 1749
C Tropea
D2.3 Laser vibrometers 1779
Neil A Halliwell
D2.4 Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) 1805
Dave Towers and Clive Buckberry
D2.5 Optical fibre hydrophones 1839
Geoffrey A Cranch and Philip J Nash
D2.6 Optical fibre Bragg grating sensors for strain measurement 1881
David A Jackson and David J Webb
D2.7 High-speed imaging 1919
Adam Whybrew
D2.8 Particle sizing 1931
Nils Damaschke, Maurice Weddy Adam Whybrew and Damien Blondel
D3 Medical 1951
Terence A King and Brian C Wilson
D3.1 Light-tissue interactions 1955
Steven Jacques and Michael Patterson
D3.2 Therapeutic applications: introduction 1995
Reginald Birngruber
D3.2.1 Therapeutic applications: ophthalmology 1999
Reginald Birngruber
D3.2.2 Therapeutic applications: refractive surgery 2009
Giovanni Cennamo and Raimondo Forte
D3.2.3 Therapeutic applications: photodynamic therapy 2019
Brian C Wilson and Stephen G Bown
D3.2.4 Therapeutic applications: thermal treatment of tumours 2037
Stephen G Bown
D3.2.5 Therapeutic applications: dermatology—selective photothermolysis 2045
Sean Lanigan
D3.2.6 Therapeutic applications: lasers in vascular surgery 2055
Mahesh Pai
D3.2.7 Therapeutic applications: hardtissue/dentistry 2065
Raimund Hibst
D3.2.8 Therapeutic applications: free-electron laser 2075
E Duco Jansen, Michael Copeland, Glenn S Edwards, William Gabella,
Karen Joos, Mark A Mackanos, Jin H Shen and Stephen R Uhlhorn
D3.3 Medical diagnostics 2087
Brian C Wilson
D3.4 Laser applications in biology and biotechnology 2123
Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu, Alexander J Annala and Daniel L Farkas
D3.5 Biomedical laser safety 2155
Harry Moseley and Bill Davies
D4 Communications 2181
John Marsh
D4.1 The basic point-to-point communications system 2183
John Gowar
D4.2 High-capacity optical transmission systems 2231
Paul Urquhart
D4.3 Local area networks 2289
J Lehman and K L Johnson
D4.4 Fibre-to-the-chip: development of vertical cavity surface emitting
laser arrays designed for integration with VLSI circuits 2321
A VKrishnamoorthy, LMFChirovsky, K WGoosen, JLopata
andWSHobson
D4.5 Optical satellite communications 2345
A Coello-Vera and M Maignan
D4.6 Smart pixel technologies and optical interconnects 2363
Marc P Y Desmulliez and Brian S Wherrett
D5 Optical information storage 2389
John Marsh
D5.1 Optical data storage 2391
Tom D Milster
D5.2 Lasers in printing 2421
Atsushi Kawamura, Seizo Suzuki and Yoshinori Havashi
D6 Spectroscopy 2463
Colin Webb
D6.1 Laser cooling and trapping 2465
C S Adams and IG Hughes
D6.2 Ion trapping and laser applications to length and time metrology 2485
P Gill and G P Barwood
D6.3 Time-resolved spectroscopy 2507
Gavin D Reid and Klaas Wynne
D7 Earth and environmental sciences 2529
Lance Thomas
D7.1 Satellite laser ranging 2531
Roger Wood and Graham Appleby
D7.2 Lidar for atmospheric ozone remote sensing 2563
Gerard Ancellet
D8 Lasers in astronomy 2579
R C Powell
D8.1 Lasers in astronomy 2581
Renaud Foy and Jean-Paul Pique
D9 Holography: holographic optical elements and computer-generated
holography 2625
Mohammad R Taghizadeh
D9.1 Holography: holographic optical elements—computer-generated
holography—diffractive optics 2627
Hans Peter Herzig
D10 High-intensity lasers for plasma studies 2643
Colin Webb
D10.1 High-power lasers for plasma physics 2645
MHR Hutchinson
D10.2 High-power lasers and the extreme conditions that they can produce 2657
SJRose
Index 2665
Introduction
The invention of the laser must surely be regarded one of the towering achievements of the 20th century and
yet, for the first 10 years, many called it 4a solution in search of a problem'. The sheer amount of knowledge
encapsulated in the three volumes that make up this Handbook, describing the applications and technologies
that lasers have enabled, shows just how mistaken that early judgement was.
Laser technology touches almost every aspect of daily life in the 21st Century. From telecommunications
to data storage, and everything from supermarket bar codes to eye surgery, much of modern technology
depends on the capabilities that lasers have made possible.
The very diversity and ubiquity of lasers and their applications, evident from the scope of these three
volumes, frustrates any attempt at a comprehensive editorial introduction to the subject. Every member of
the professional laser community will have their own perspective, and I hope that the reader will forgive my
presentation of a personal view.
My own research career started shortly after Schawlow and Townes published their 1959 paper, with
its prediction that MASER1 action should be possible at optical frequencies. I was the first graduate student
outside the USA to start on a doctorate in the field of Optical Masers (the word LASER had not yet been
defined, even as an acronym). I remember being asked by other new graduate students at the Clarendon Lab
in Oxford in 1960 'What use will this optical maser be—even if it works?' My response was to repeat the
words of my supervisor John Sanders—something along the lines of 'It might be used for fundamental length
standards, or perhaps for transmitting messages by sending a beam from an optical maser to a receiving
station'. As it turned out both these predictions have come true and both form subjects of chapters in this
Handbook (chapter D2.1 for fundamental metrology and section D4 for communications). However, I don't
think anyone could have foreseen the myriad of laser types and applications that have sprung from the device
which in 1960 was often described as a mere scientific curiosity. It has been my privilege to spend my entire
research career as both spectator and participant in the unfolding of this story over the past forty three years.
In compiling this Handbook Julian Jones and I, together with our very distinguished international board
of subject editors, have sought to provide a balanced coverage of the many topics which can be described
as belonging to 'Laser Technology and Applications'. Our objective has been to provide a reference work
which will have enduring and practical value for those who are newcomers to the subject as well as experts
and practitioners in the field who wish to extend their knowledge.
Of course, no work such as this can ever claim to be complete or final; the subject is constantly growing
and evolving. However, we have tried to pull together those aspects that seem to us likely to form the
fundamental building blocks for new developments. We hope that the contents will be as relevant to future
researchers as to engineers and managers of technological enterprises today.
For the new researcher entering the field, the book will be especially valuable because of the extensive
references to current literature accompanying each of the articles. This will provide the key to tracing topics
back to their origins, and finding out the background and status of recent developments. In one way then,
today's novices are to be regarded as fortunate to have such a wealth of information at their disposal—although
I cannot help feeling that in some ways my own situation was somewhat simpler when I started when all
there was to read was Born's Optik, Mitchell and Zemanski's Resonance Radiation and Excited Atoms and of course the Schawlow and Townes paper. However the field is now so huge and there is no lack of challenging
problems for the enterprising young researcher to take on.
Bringing this book from concept to fruition has required a great deal of effort by a large number of
people. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the immense amount of help and guidance given by the members of
the Editorial Board: Clive Ireland, John Marsh, Minaru Obara, Richard Powell, Richard Shoemaker and Ian
White—and the members of the Advisory Board: Walther Goethals, Mike Green, Mohammed Tagizadeh,
Lance Thomas, Kunihiro Washio, Godfrey Beddard, Denis Hall, Terry King and Brian Wilson. Without the
rich pool of wisdom and experience they provided the task would have been impossible. I am also personally
indebted to Steve Bown, Joe Taylor, Henry Hutchinson, Steve Rose, Patrick Gill, and Giovanni Cennamo for
providing valuable contributions at very short notice when gaps in coverage became apparent at late stages
in the preparation of the text.
The Commissioning Editor at IOP Publishing who started off this project was Nikki Dennis, handing
over to David Morris who carried the project through its most substantial stages; but it has been finally
brought to completion by Karen Donnison and John Navas, and taken into production by Sarah Plenty. It is
a pleasure to thank all the members of the IOPP staff who have been concerned with the project—they have
had to deal with the input from 170 authors. However, the member of IOPP staff who bore the main brunt
of ensuring that the project did not abort throughout its three years of gestation was David Morris to whose
patience, persistence and unfailing politeness these volumes are a testimony.
Finally my thanks above all are due to Julian Jones who, despite his heavy responsibilities of Head of
Department at Heriot-Watt University, has undertaken the job of Executive Editor from the very beginning of
the project. His dedication, unflappable attitude and abiding good humour, as well as his wealth of experience,
allowed us to deal with the several crises that arose without our falling out even once.
Colin Webb
Editor-in-Chief
The Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, June 2003
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