INTRODUCTION TO SPACE SCIENCES AND SPACECRAFT APPLICATIONS By Bruce A. Campbell and Samuel Walter McCandless

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Introduction to space sciences and spacecraft applications / Bruce

A. Campbell, Samuel Walter McCandless, Jr.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Astronautics. 2. Space vehicles. I. McCandless, Samuel Wal-

ISBN 0-88415-411-4

ter. 11. Title.

TL791.C36 1996

629.4-dc20 96- 14936

CIP

Printed on acid-free paper 


Contents

Introduction and History 1
Uses of Space, 1. History of Spaceflight, 3. ReferencedAdditional
Reading, 23. Exercises, 23.
PART 1
SPACE SCIENCES
CHAPTER 2
Orbital Principles 26
Orbital Principles, 28. Orbital Elements, 38. Orbital Properties, 39.
Useful Orbits, 44. Orbit Establishment and Orbital Maneuvers, 47.
ReferencedAdditional Reading, 5 1. Exercises, 5 1.
CHAPTER 3
Propulsion 53
First Principles, 54. Orbit Establishment and Orbital Maneuvers, 63.
ReferencedAdditional Reading, 74. Exercises, 74.
CHAPTER 4
Spacecraft Environment 76
The Sun, 76. The Earth, 87. Spacecraft Effects, 97.
ReferencedAdditional Reading, 101. Exercises, 101.

Communications 1 04
CHAPTER 6
Remote Sensing 132
Remote Sensing Principles, 135. Measurement Dimensions of Remote
Sensors, 146. Remote Sensing Satellites, 149. ReferencedAdditional
Reading, 150. Exercises, 15 1.
CHAPTER 7
Position Determination Using Doppler Techniques, 154. Pulse Ranging
and Phase Difference Positioning, 159. ReferencedAdditional Reading,
164. Exercises, 164.
Satellite Navigation 154
PART 3
SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
CHAPTER 8
Spacecraft Systems 166
Satellite Design, 166. Ground Support Systems, 192. Space System
Evolution, 195. ReferencedAdditional Reading, 196. Exercises, 197.
CHAPTER 9
The Systems Approach, 198. Spacecraft Systems, 209.
ReferencedAdditional Reading, 210. Exercises, 2 10.
Spacecraft Design 198































































Spaceflight Summary 21 1
APPENDIX B
United States and Foreign Spacecraft
Inventories and Spacecraft Descriptions 21 7
Index 230





About the Authors
Bruce A. Campbell is currently involved in spacecraft project management
at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. He is an aerospace
engineering graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and flew carrier-based
jet aircraft as a Naval Flight Officer.
Samuel Walter McCandless, Jr., is president and founder of User Systems,
Inc., which provides airborne and space-based radar and microwave
sensor and system design and evaluation, remote sensing and satellite system
design, and associated services. He was test director for NASA's Surveyor
1 spacecraft and managed NASA's Seasat program from its inception
through operation of the satellite in space.